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To update or switch versions, run webi mariadb@stable (or @v11, @lts, etc).

Files

These are the files / directories that are created and/or modified with this install:

~/.config/envman/PATH.env
~/.local/opt/mariadb/
~/.local/share/mariadb/
~/.my.cnf
~/.config/mariadb/my.cnf
~/.local/share/mariadb/my.cnf

Cheat Sheet

MariaDB is the original authors' successor to MySQL, after Oracle's acquisition of the MySQL trademark. Although Postgres is generally recommended for new projects, projects that previously used MySQL or MariaDB can continue to gain benefit from the continued development of MariaDB.

Connect as the default admin, the root admin, or a remote (%) user:

mysql 'dbname'
sudo mysql -u root 'dbname'
mysql -u 'dbuser' -p -h '127.0.0.1' -P 3306 'dbname'

Manage MariaDB as a system service with serviceman:

curl https://webi.sh/serviceman | sh

# Linux and macOS
serviceman add --name 'mysqld' --workdir ~/.local/opt/mariadb/ -- \
    mariadbd --defaults-file="$HOME/.local/share/mariadb/my.cnf"

# On Linux, with systemd
sudo systemctl restart systemd-journald
sudo systemctl restart 'mysqld'
sudo journalctl -xef --unit 'mysqld'

Table of Contents

• Use UTF-8 (not Swedish)
• Vertical Rows
• Create an App User and DB
• Backup and Restore
• Connect via SSH Proxy
• Remove default users

Switch from Swedish to UTF-8

This is done automatically if installed by Webi, and in MariaDB 11.6+.

Edit your my.cnf files as follows:

[server]
    character-set-server    = utf8mb4
    collation-server        = utf8mb4_unicode_ci
    init-connect            = 'SET NAMES utf8mb4'

[client]
    default-character-set   = utf8mb4

You can then update old tables:

ALTER DATABASE your_database_name CHARACTER SET = utf8mb4 COLLATE = utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

See https://chatgpt.com/c/67941f5a-9390-800e-86e7-2e8bd56117f7.

In some cases it may be simpler better to backup and restore (see table of contents) the databases due to foreign key constraints.

How to View Rows Vertically

Use \G instead of ; for a single query

SELECT * FROM `mysql`.`global_priv` \G

How to Create an App User + DB

You create a database, a user (typically of the same name), a password (typically random via xxd or https://pw.bnna.net), and grant the app admin privileges on its database.

USE `mysql`;
CREATE DATABASE `appdb`;
CREATE USER 'appuser'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'super-secret';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON `appdb`.* TO 'appuser'@'%';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

Here's a script for doing the same:

mariadb-create-app 'foobar'

#!/bin/sh
set -e
set -u

# USAGE
#     mariadb-create-app [app-name]
#
# EXAMPLE
#     mariadb-create-app 'foobar'

main() {(
    b_appname="${1:-$(hostname)}"

    b_dbname="${b_appname}"
    b_user="${b_dbname}"
    b_password="$(xxd -l8 -p /dev/urandom | sed 's/..../&-/g; s/-$//')"

    mariadb -e "
        USE \`mysql\`;
        CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS \`${b_dbname}\`;
        CREATE USER '${b_user}'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY '${b_password}';
        GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON \`${b_dbname}\`.* TO '${b_user}'@'%';
        FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
    "

    echo "${b_password}" > ./"${b_appname}-password.txt"

    echo ""
    echo "Password in ./${b_appname}-password.txt"
    echo ""
    echo "mysql://${b_user}:********@localhost:3306/${b_dbname}"
    echo "mariadb -u ${b_user} -p ${b_dbname}"
    echo ""
)}

How to Backup and Restore

Backup a single database:

my_ts="$(date "+%F_%H.%M.%S")"
mysqldump -u username -p --force --hex-blob --databases 'dbname' \
 --triggers --routines --events \
    --add-drop-table --add-drop-triggers \
    --skip-set-charset --single-transaction > ./"backup.${ts}.sql"

Notes:

• --force is always necessary and should be the default - it will continue the backup in the case that inconsistencies are found - such as a View referencing a column that no longer exists (which is not checked during ALTER TABLE)
• --skip-set-charset to accept the default utf8 rather than accidentally recreating tables as legacy latin1-swedish
• --add-drop-table and --add-drop-triggers do not need to be used if your user has the ability to drop and recreate the database
• --databases 'dbname' omits USE `dbname`;, which allows you to easily restore to a different database name

Destructive Restore (drop that database and then restore it):

mysql -u username -p -e 'DROP DATABASE `dbname`';
mysql -u username -p 'dbname' < ./backup.sql

Connect via SSH Proxy

1. Create a proxy (ignore warnings)

   #ssh user@server -fnNT -L <local-port>:<remote-host>:<remote-port>
   ssh ${USER}@${b_hostname} -fnNT -L 13306:localhost:3306
   

2. Connect via mysql, mariadb, Sequel Ace, etc:

   mysql -u remote-user -h 127.0.0.1 -P 13306
   

Notes

• connect with a user that has the host % and DOES NOT have a localhost or 127.0.0.1 entry - otherwise the client may "upgrade" to a socket connection and fail.
• you may need to remove the wildcard localhost users (see below)

Remove Default Access localhost Users

You may not be able to connect via an SSH proxy if the default users exist.
(it may match `%`@`localhost` instead of `app`@`%` and deny the password)

USE `mysql`;
DELETE FROM `global_priv` WHERE `User` = '';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;